Energy Cooperation and the Resilience of the Vietnam–Russia Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (2012–2026): A Historical Perspective

Abstract

This article examines the development of energy cooperation between Vietnam and the Russian Federation during the period 2012–2026 from a historical perspective, with the aim of clarifying its role in enhancing the resilience of the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between the two countries. The study employs the historical method in combination with documentary analysis and process tracing, drawing primarily upon intergovernmental agreements, high-level Vietnam–Russia joint statements, official documents issued by government agencies and energy enterprises, as well as relevant academic literature. The findings indicate that Vietnam–Russia energy cooperation has evolved through three successive phases: institutional consolidation (2012–2015), expansion and diversification of cooperation (2016–2021), and adaptation to geopolitical changes and the global energy transition (2022–2026). Throughout these phases, bilateral cooperation has expanded beyond traditional oil and gas activities to encompass liquefied natural gas (LNG), gas-fired power generation, the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and emerging energy sectors. The article argues that the resilience of Vietnam–Russia energy cooperation is rooted in the interaction of three mutually reinforcing factors: historical continuity, institutional adaptation, and strategic trust. Together, these factors have enabled energy cooperation to remain a strategic pillar that sustains and strengthens the Vietnam–Russia Comprehensive Strategic Partnership despite profound changes in the international environment.